Español Summary Magnesium is an essential mineral and a cofactor for hundreds of enzymes. Magnesium is involved in many physiologic pathways, including energy production, nucleic acid and protein synthesis, ion

Summary Iron is an essential component of hundreds of proteins and enzymes that support essential biological functions, such as oxygen transport, energy production, and DNA synthesis. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and

Summary Iodine is a key component of thyroid hormones, which are required throughout life for normal growth, neurological development, and metabolism.  (More information) Insufficient iodine intake impairs the production of thyroid

Summary Zinc is a nutritionally essential mineral needed for catalytic, structural, and regulatory functions in the body.  (More information) Severe zinc deficiency is rare and caused by an inherited condition called

Summary Sodium and chloride — major electrolytes of the fluid compartment outside of cells (i.e., extracellular) — work together to control extracellular volume and blood pressure. Disturbances in sodium concentrations in the extracellular fluid

Summary Selenium exerts various biological functions mainly as part of the amino acid, selenocysteine, which is found in at least 25 selenocysteine-containing proteins (selenoproteins) in humans.  (More information)  Five glutathione peroxidases,

Español Summary Potassium is considered to be a “nutrient of public health concern” according to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans since its underconsumption in the US population is associated

Español Summary Phosphorus is an essential structural component of cell membranes and nucleic acids but is also involved in several biological processes, including bone mineralization, energy production, cell signaling through

Espa帽ol Summary The molybdenum atom is part of the molybdenum cofactor in the active site of four enzymes in humans: sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime reducing

Español Summary Manganese is a mineral element that is both nutritionally essential and potentially toxic. The derivation of its name from the Greek word for magic remains appropriate, because scientists